PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126161 collections

Show less time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Ordovician of North America					Silurian of the Baltic	Permian of the Salt Range	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian											Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian											Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian												Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian												Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Late Pliocene	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean												Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian												Late Miocene	7.246
		Serravallian												Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian												Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian												Early Miocene	15.98
		Aquitanian												Early Miocene	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian												Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian												Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian												Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian												Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian												Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan										145
		Kimmeridgian		Oteke	Puaroan										149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan										150
					Heterian										154.5
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan										164.3
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan										176
		Pliensbachian			Ururoan										184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran										188.9
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour	Otapirian										201.4
		Norian			Warepan										208.5
					Otamitan										217
					Oretian										221
		Carnian			Oretian										227
		Carnian		Gore	Kaihikuan										227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan										237
		Ladinian			Etalian										238
		Anisian			Etalian										242
		Anisian			Malakovian										246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian										247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian										249
		Induan			Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
						Chhidru	252.9 *
			Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian	Waiitian		254.14
			Puruhauan		254.2
					Kalabagh	255 *
					Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian				264.28
						265.3 *
				Barettian		266
					Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian			Amb	266.9
		Roadian				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian		283.5
				Telfordian		285
						288.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian					Gamachian	445.2
							Richmondian	446 *
							Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian		450.4 *
						Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian					Chatfieldian		453
							Turinian		453.7 *
						Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
		Dapingian								467.3
		Dapingian					Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian					Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian					Tulean				Ungurian	477.7
							Stairsian					480.3 *
							Skullrockian			Demingian †		482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Skullrockian	Batyrbaian				485.4
		Stage 10										487.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
								Aksaian				490.7 *
								Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian						Sakian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Ayusokkanian				497
								Ayusokkanian				Arcadian	498.4
													499.5
		Drumian						Zhanaarykian					500.5
		Drumian			Tuesaian			503
		Wuliuan			Tuesaian			504.5
		Wuliuan						505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4						Branchian				509
					Toyonian							510 *
			Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian	514
			Atdabanian	515.6 *
			Atdabanian	Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian		521
		Stage 2			525.5
		Fortunian			529
															538.8