PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cambrian of China		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of Australia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								0
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian							0.0117
		Chibanian								0.129
		Calabrian								0.774
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean							2.58
		Zanclean	Yushean							3.6
		Zanclean	Baodean							4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
		Tortonian	Tunggurian							11.1
		Serravallian	Tunggurian							11.63
		Langhian	Shanwangian							13.82
		Burdigalian	Shanwangian							15.98
		Burdigalian	Xiejiaan							16.9
		Aquitanian	Xiejiaan							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								33.9
		Bartonian								37.71
		Lutetian								41.2
		Ypresian								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								56
		Selandian								59.2
		Danian								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian			100.5
							Middle Albian			106.2 *
							Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian			113
		Aptian					Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian			139.8
							Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
							Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian					Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian					Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian			174.7
							Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
							Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian					Sevatian			208.5
							Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian	227
		Carnian		Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Mapingian †		298.9
		Kasimovian	Mapingian †		303.7
		Kasimovian			305.9
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Bolindian	443.8
		Katian			Bolindian	445.2
					Eastonian	449 *
					Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian			Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian			Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian			Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian	470
					Bendigonian	471.8 *
					Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian			Lancefieldian	477.7
		Tremadocian			Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †		485.4
		Jiangshanian			Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			Paibian			494
		Paibian			Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Guzhangian	Wangcunian †		497
		Guzhangian			Guzhangian			Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian			Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Duyunian			Branchian	509
		Stage 3			Nangaoian			Branchian	514
		Stage 3			Nangaoian			Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Meishucunian				521
		Fortunian			Meishucunian				529
		Fortunian			Jinnigian				530.7
										538.8