PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126161 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of Britain		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Nihewanian	Lujanian		Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian							Lujanian		Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian							Ensenadan		Middle Pleistocene	0.3 *
		Calabrian							Ensenadan		Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian							Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian							Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Yushean	Vorohuean		Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian							Chapadmalalan		Late Pliocene	2.9 *
		Zanclean							Chapadmalalan		Early Pliocene	3.6
									Montehermosan			3.7 *
								Baodean	Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
									Chasicoan			7.9 *
									Mayoan			9.9 *
									Laventan			10.9 *
								Tunggurian				11.1
		Serravallian									Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian							Colloncuran			13.7 *
		Langhian						Shanwangian	Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian							Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian							Friasian		Early Miocene	15.98
									Santacrucian			16.2 *
								Xiejiaan	Santacrucian			16.9
									Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
		Aquitanian							Colhuehuapian			20.44
		Aquitanian							Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							Late Oligocene	23.03
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan								Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan						Tinguirirican		Early Oligocene	28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Tinguirirican		Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Divisaderan		Late Eocene	35.9 *
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Lutetian							Mustersan			41.9 *
		Ypresian		Bumbanian					Mustersan		Early Eocene	47.8
		Ypresian		Bumbanian					Casamayoran		Early Eocene	47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan						Riochican		Late Paleocene	56
									Itaboraian			56.9 *
									Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian									Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian							Tiupampan		Early Paleocene	62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Vokhmian	247.2
		Induan				251.2
		Induan				Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
						Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Chhidru	254.14
						Kalabagh	255 *
						Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
							265.3 *
						Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Amb	266.9
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			485.4
		Stage 10		Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian		Festiniogian			489.5
		Jiangshanian		Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian		Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids				497
		Guzhangian					Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai				Branchian	509
		Stage 3					Branchian	514
		Stage 3					Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
												538.8