PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126679 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of North America						Cambrian of North America		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean										0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean										0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean										0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean										0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian										0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian										0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan										1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian										4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian										9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian										11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian										12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
			Hemingfordian										16.3
			Arikareean										18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
			Whitneyan										29.5
			Orellan										31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian										33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean										37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean										37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian										46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian										47.8
			Wasatchian										50.5
			Clarkforkian										54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian										56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian										56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian										59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian										60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian										61.6
		Danian	Puercan										63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Lancian/Edmontonian	66
		Campanian										Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian			Gamachian	445.2
					Richmondian	446 *
			Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
			Edenian			450.4 *
			Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian		Chatfieldian		453
				Turinian		453.7 *
			Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
		Dapingian					467.3
		Dapingian		Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian		Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Tulean				477.7
				Stairsian				480.3 *
				Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Skullrockian				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian								Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran	Waucoban †	Branchian	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran			514
								Montezuman			514.8 *
								Montezuman		Placentian	517.1
								Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
													538.8