PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126155 collections

Show less time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian of the Pamirs	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Cambrian of North America	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian								Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian								Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan								Middle Pleistocene	0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan								Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean								Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan								Late Pliocene	2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan								Early Pliocene	3.6
			Montehermosan									3.7 *
			Huayquerian									4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
			Chasicoan									7.9 *
			Mayoan									9.9 *
			Laventan									10.9 *
		Serravallian	Laventan								Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran									13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran									13.82
		Langhian	Friasian									15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian								Early Miocene	15.98
			Santacrucian									16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian									17.4 *
		Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian									20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan									20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene	23.03
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican								Early Oligocene	28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican								Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan								Late Eocene	35.9 *
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan									41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan								Early Eocene	47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran								Early Eocene	47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican								Late Paleocene	56
			Itaboraian									56.9 *
			Peligran									58.9 *
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian									Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan								Early Paleocene	62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Dorashamian	Melekhovian	251.902
		Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian		Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian			Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian					Urzhumian	264.28
					Noginskian			264.9 *
				Murgabian				266.2 *
		Roadian				Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian				Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
							Filipovian	276.5 *
					Pavlovoposadian			276.8 *
				Bolorian				279.8
							Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian				Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
							Irginian	285.9 *
				Yakhtashian				286
					Rusavkinian			287.6 *
							Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian		Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
							Uskalykian	294.8
							Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian			303.7
					Khamovnikian			304.8
					Krevyakinian			305.8 *
		Moscovian			Myachkovian			307
					Podolskian			308.9 *
					Kashirian			311.4 *
					Vereian			313.8
					Melekessian			314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian			315.2
			Cheremshanian		316.9 *
			Prikamian		318.6 *
			Severokeltmian		319.9 *
			Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
			Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian		323.2
			Protvian		324.4 *
			Steshevian		326.8 *
			Tarusian		329 *
		Visean	Venevian		330.9
			Mikhailovian		331.9 *
			Aleksinian		333.7 *
			Tulian		335.8 *
			Bobrikian		339.9 *
			Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian		346.7
			Kizelian		350.7 *
			Cherepetian		351.9 *
			Karakubian		354.4 *
			Upinian		356.3 *
			Malevkian		357.6 *
			Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian			Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian							Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan			Topazan					504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran					506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Branchian	Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4			Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran		514
					Montezuman		514.8 *
				Placentian	Montezuman		517.1
					Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
												538.8