PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126108 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Silurian of England		North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6									0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Sheridanian			0.0117
		Chibanian							Sheridanian			0.129
		Chibanian							Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian							Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian							Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean							Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian							Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian							late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian										15.98
									Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
									late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4									23.03
										Monroecreekian		23.1 *
										Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian								Geringian		27.82
		Rupelian										29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3						Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian										37
		Bartonian										37.71
		Bartonian							Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2						Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian							Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
									Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian									Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian									To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian									To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian									Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Lancian/Edmontonian						66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Judithian/Aquilan						72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian								100.5
				Middle Albian								106.2 *
				Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian								113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian								139.8
				Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
				Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian			174.7
				Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian		Sevatian			208.5
				Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian			237
		Ladinian		Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian			247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian			251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian				Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Telychian						436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
		Aeronian				Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian				Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		497
		Guzhangian			Arcadian			498.4
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3		Branchian			509
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2		Branchian			514
		Stage 3			Placentian			517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1					529
												538.8