PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126108 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of the Baltic	Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian of England		North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6								0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian			0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene			Sheridanian			0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene			Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene			Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian						Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene						2.58
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene						3.6
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5		Middle Miocene			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian						late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene						15.98
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4		Late Oligocene						23.03
									Monroecreekian		23.1 *
									Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene				Geringian		27.82
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene						29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3		Late Eocene			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian			Late Eocene						37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene						37.71
		Bartonian						Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2					Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian						Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Late Paleocene					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene					To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene					To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8								66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7								72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6								83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4								100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3								113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2								121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2								125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1								132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6								145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5								149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4								165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4								168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3								174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2								184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1								192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2	Ohesaare		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
				Ohesaare			Bringewood/Elton		421.3
				Kaugetuma			Bringewood/Elton		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Ludfordian		Paadla			Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423.4 *
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula			Buildwas	427.4
				Rootsikula		Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
				Jaagarahu				429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu				430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	Jaani	433.4
				Adavere	434 *
							436.3 *
		Aeronian					438.5
						Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
				Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5				445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5				485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4				497
		Guzhangian					Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3				Branchian	509
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2				Branchian	514
		Stage 3					Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1					529
											538.8