PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126108 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian Subages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of Britain		European Faunal Zones	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Kazakhstan
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6								0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian							Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian							Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian						MN 17	Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						MN 16	Late Pliocene		2.58
		Piacenzian						MN 15	Late Pliocene		3.2
		Zanclean						MN 15	Early Pliocene		3.6
								MN 14			4.2
								MN 13			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian						MN 13	Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian						MN 12			7.246
								MN 11			7.75
								MN 10			8.7
								MN 9			9.7
								MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5					MN 7 + 8	Middle Miocene		11.63
		Serravallian						MN 6			12.8 *
		Langhian						MN 5			13.82
		Burdigalian						MN 4	Early Miocene		15.98
								MN 3			16.9
								MN 2			20
		Aquitanian						MN 2			20.44
		Aquitanian						MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4						Late Oligocene		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4						Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3						Late Eocene		33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3						Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2						Middle Eocene		41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2						Early Eocene		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1						Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian							Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8								66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7								72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6								83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4								100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3								113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2								121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2								125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1								132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6								145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5								149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4								165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4								168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3								174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2								184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1								192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4								201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4								208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Vokhmian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2	Vokhmian
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		Late Famennian	358.9
					Middle Famennian	365.3 *
					Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4		Late Frasnian	372.2
					Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
					Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		Late Givetian	382.7
					Middle Givetian	383.7 *
					Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2		Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian	410.8
					Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Batyrbaian	485.4
		Stage 10					Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian							489.5
								Aksaian	490.7 *
								Sakian	492.2 *
							Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian					Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			St Davids		Ayusokkanian	497
								Ayusokkanian	Arcadian	498.4
										499.5
		Drumian						Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian						Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					Tuesaian		504.5
		Wuliuan								505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4				Caerfai			Branchian	509
								Toyonian		510 *
								Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2					Botomian		514
								Atdabanian		515.6 *
								Atdabanian	Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian		521
		Stage 2						525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1					529
											538.8