PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126108 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian Epochs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Mesozoic Subages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6												0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian				Nihewanian						0.0117
		Chibanian			Lujanian										0.129
		Chibanian			Ensenadan										0.3 *
		Calabrian			Ensenadan										0.774
		Calabrian			Sanandresian	Uquian †									1.7 *
		Gelasian			Sanandresian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean				Yushean						2.58
		Piacenzian			Chapadmalalan										2.9 *
		Zanclean			Chapadmalalan										3.6
					Montehermosan										3.7 *
					Huayquerian				Baodean						4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
					Chasicoan										7.9 *
					Mayoan										9.9 *
					Laventan										10.9 *
									Tunggurian						11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5												11.63
		Serravallian			Colloncuran										13.7 *
		Langhian			Colloncuran				Shanwangian						13.82
		Langhian			Friasian										15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Friasian										15.98
					Santacrucian										16.2 *
					Santacrucian				Xiejiaan						16.9
					Colhuehuapian										17.4 *
		Aquitanian			Colhuehuapian										20.44
		Aquitanian			Deseadan										20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4												23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
		Rupelian			Tinguirirican										28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3		Tinguirirican										33.9
		Priabonian			Divisaderan										35.9 *
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2												41.2
		Lutetian			Mustersan										41.9 *
		Ypresian			Mustersan										47.8
		Ypresian			Casamayoran										47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Riochican										56
					Itaboraian										56.9 *
					Peligran										58.9 *
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
		Danian			Tiupampan										62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4				Late Albian								100.5
							Middle Albian								106.2 *
							Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				Late Aptian								113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2				Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian								139.8
							Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
							Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian			146.3 *	Middle Tithonian
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		174.7
				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian		208.5
				Alaunian		213.2 *
				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian		242
				Pelsonian		243.8 *
				Bithynian		244.7 *
				Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli				Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Lockportian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			Ontarian		433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
								Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Cincinnatian			Gamachian		443.8
		Katian						Gamachian		445.2
							Richmondian	446 *
							Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian		449.8 *
							Edenian			450.4 *
					Mohawkian		Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4				Chatfieldian			453
							Turinian			453.7 *
					Whiterockian			Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								458.4
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2								467.3
		Dapingian					Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian		Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian					Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				Tulean					477.7
							Stairsian					480.3 *
							Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5				Skullrockian	Late Cambrian					485.4
		Stage 10											487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4					Middle Cambrian					497
		Guzhangian											Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3					Early Cambrian					Branchian	509
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2										Branchian	514
		Stage 3											Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
															538.8