PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125964 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	European Faunal Units	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Silurian of the Baltic	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6					Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Chibanian									0.129
		Chibanian							Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian							Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian							Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian							Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Villanyian					Mangapanian		2.58
				Villanyian					Waipipian		3
				Ruscinian							3.1 *
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean							Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Turolian				Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian									7.246
				Vallesian							8.7
				Vallesian				Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Astaracian					Waiauan		11.63
		Serravallian							Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian							Lillburnian		13.82
									Clifdenian		15.1
								Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian		Orleanian					Altonian		15.98
				Orleanian					Otaian		18.7
				Agenian							20
		Aquitanian									20.44
		Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			Waitakian		23.03
									Duntroonian		25.2
									Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian			Kekeamuan						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						33.9
								Arnold	Runangan		34.6
									Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian							Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2						Bortonian		41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
									Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian				Bumbanian			Heretaungan		47.8
									Mangaorapan		48.9
									Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Gashatan				Teurian		56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8					Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7						Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6						Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
									Mangaotanean		90.5
									Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5						Arowhanan		93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
									Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4						Motuan		100.5
									Urutawan		103.3
								Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3						Korangan		113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3								117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2				121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1				132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6					145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5					149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4					165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4					168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3					174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2					184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4					208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					Meishanian		251.902
		Changhsingian						Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian						Laoshanian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Laibinian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Lengwuan		259.51
		Wordian						Kuhfengian		264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3					Kuhfengian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5				Luodianian
		Artinskian		Longlinian				285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	Zisongian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	Zisongian				298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		Jaani	433.4
		Telychian			Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			497
		Guzhangian				Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			Branchian	509
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2			Branchian	514
		Stage 3				Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1				529
											538.8