PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126133 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Eastern North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Silurian of the Baltic	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6								Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian									0.0117
		Chibanian		Lujanian									0.129
				Ensenadan									0.3 *
												Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian										Castlecliffian	0.774
												Nukumaruan	1.63
				Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
		Gelasian											1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Vorohuean									2.58
				Chapadmalalan									2.9 *
												Waipipian	3
		Zanclean										Waipipian	3.6
				Montehermosan								Opoitian	3.7 *
				Huayquerian								Opoitian	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
				Chasicoan									7.9 *
				Mayoan									9.9 *
				Laventan									10.9 *
											Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5									Waiauan	11.63
												Lillburnian	13.05
				Colloncuran									13.7 *
		Langhian											13.82
												Clifdenian	15.1
				Friasian								Clifdenian	15.4 *
											Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian											15.98
				Santacrucian									16.2 *
				Colhuehuapian									17.4 *
												Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian											20.44
				Deseadan									20.9 *
											Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			Waitakian	23.03
												Duntroonian	25.2
												Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian						Kekeamuan					27.82
		Rupelian		Tinguirirican				Kekeamuan					28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					33.9
											Arnold	Runangan	34.6
				Divisaderan								Runangan	35.9 *
												Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian										Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2										41.2
				Mustersan									41.9 *
											Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
												Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian							Bumbanian				47.8
				Casamayoran									47.9 *
												Mangaorapan	48.9
												Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Riochican				Gashatan				Teurian	56
				Itaboraian									56.9 *
				Peligran									58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
		Danian		Tiupampan									62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8			Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7				Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6				Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
							Mangaotanean			90.5
							Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5				Arowhanan			93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
							Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4				Motuan			100.5
							Urutawan			103.3
					Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Korangan	113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2				121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1				132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6				145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5				149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4				165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4				168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3				174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1				192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4				208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				Meishanian			251.902
		Changhsingian					Baoqingian			253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian					Laoshanian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Laibinian			257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Lengwuan			259.51
		Wordian					Kuhfengian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				Kuhfengian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				Luodianian			273.01
		Artinskian					Luodianian			283.5
		Artinskian					Longlinian			285.4 *
		Sakmarian					Longlinian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				Zisongian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				Zisongian			298.9
		Gzhelian								300.1
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4							307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3							323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2							330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					Southwoodian	387.7	Cazenovian
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1							407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli								Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian							Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian							Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian							Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						Jaani	433.4
		Telychian							Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian							Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian							Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian							Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5						445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		497
		Guzhangian			Arcadian				498.4
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3		Branchian				509
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2		Branchian				514
		Stage 3			Placentian				517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
													538.8