PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125964 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of North America						Devonian of France	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Cenozoic 6		0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Gelasian										Early Pleistocene			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene			2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										Early Pliocene			3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian										Late Miocene			7.246
		Serravallian										Middle Miocene	Cenozoic 5		11.63
		Langhian										Middle Miocene			13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene			15.98
		Aquitanian										Early Miocene			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene	Cenozoic 4		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										Early Oligocene	Cenozoic 4		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene	Cenozoic 3		33.9
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene	Cenozoic 3		37.71
		Lutetian										Middle Eocene	Cenozoic 2		41.2
		Ypresian										Early Eocene	Cenozoic 2		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Late Paleocene	Cenozoic 1		56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										Cretaceous 8	Lancian/Edmontonian	66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										Cretaceous 7	Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										Cretaceous 5		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian										Cretaceous 4		100.5
			Middle Albian												106.2 *
			Early Albian												109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian										Cretaceous 3		113
		Aptian	Early Aptian										Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian										Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian												139.8
			Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
			Early Berriasian												142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									Jurassic 6		145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									Jurassic 6		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian										Jurassic 5		149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian										Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian												168.2
		Bajocian	Early Bajocian												168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian										Jurassic 3		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian												174.7
			Middle Toarcian												180.4 *
			Early Toarcian												182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian										Jurassic 2		184.2
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian										Jurassic 1		192.9
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian										Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian	Sevatian												208.5
			Alaunian												213.2 *
			Lacian												216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian										Triassic 3		227
		Carnian	Julian										Triassic 3		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian			243.8 *
			Bithynian			244.7 *
			Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian			251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian			Permian 3	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2	273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5	303.7
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian	Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Frasnian	Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Couvinien	Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian				Devonian 1	407.6
		Pragian			Coblencien		408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian					Gamachian		445.2
							Richmondian		446 *
							Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian			450.4 *
				Mohawkian		Chatfieldian	451.1 *
		Sandbian				Chatfieldian	Ordovician 4	453
						Turinian		453.7 *
				Whiterockian				Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Ordovician 3			458.4
		Dapingian					Ordovician 2			467.3
		Dapingian				Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian		Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian				Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian				Tulean	Ordovician 1				477.7
						Stairsian					480.3 *
						Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Skullrockian				Cambrian 5	485.4
		Stage 10									487.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Cambrian 4	497
		Guzhangian									Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan								Cambrian 3		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Cambrian 3	Branchian	509
		Stage 3								Cambrian 2	Branchian	514
		Stage 3									Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								Cambrian 1		529
															538.8