PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125964 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Devonian Subages	Silurian of North America			Ten Million Year Bins	Ammonite Chrons of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Cenozoic 6				0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Chibanian											0.129
		Calabrian											0.774
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean											3.6
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Serravallian							Cenozoic 5				11.63
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Cenozoic 4				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Cenozoic 4				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Cenozoic 3				33.9
		Bartonian							Cenozoic 3				37.71
		Lutetian							Cenozoic 2				41.2
		Ypresian							Cenozoic 2				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Cenozoic 1				56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						Cretaceous 8				66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						Cretaceous 7				72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						Cretaceous 6				83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						Cretaceous 5				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian						Cretaceous 4				100.5
			Middle Albian										106.2 *
			Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian						Cretaceous 3				113
		Aptian	Early Aptian						Cretaceous 3				119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian						Cretaceous 2				121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						Cretaceous 2				125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						Cretaceous 1				132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian										139.8
			Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
			Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					Jurassic 6				145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					Jurassic 6				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian						Jurassic 5				149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						Jurassic 4				165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras			168.2
			Late Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			168.4
			Early Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						Jurassic 3	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta			174.7
										Planulata			179.3 *
												Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Middle Toarcian										180.4 *
										Kanense			181.3 *
										Carlottense			182.3 *
			Early Toarcian							Carlottense			182.9 *
			Early Toarcian							Kunae			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						Jurassic 2	Kunae			184.2
										Freboldi			185.1 *
										Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras		186.2 *
						189.2 *					Tetraspidoceras
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				Jurassic 1	192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras	196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian	Sevatian						208.5
			Alaunian						213.2 *
			Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3				227
		Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2				237
		Ladinian	Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian						242
			Pelsonian						243.8 *
			Bithynian						244.7 *
			Aegean						245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1				247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian						248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian						251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian						251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian			Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian			Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian			Carboniferous 5				303.7
		Moscovian			Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian			Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean			Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian			Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian				Devonian 5	358.9
					Middle Famennian					365.3 *
					Early Famennian					368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian				Devonian 4	372.2
					Middle Frasnian					375.4 *
					Early Frasnian					379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian				Devonian 3	382.7
					Middle Givetian					383.7 *
					Early Givetian					385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian	Devonian 2				398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian					410.8
				Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				Cayugan				Silurian 2	419.2
	Pridoli				Niagaran					422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan				Clinton			440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian				445.2					Ordovician 5
		Sandbian				Ordovician 4					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Ordovician 1	Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Cambrian 5	Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian	489.5
							Aksaian	490.7 *
							Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian					Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Cambrian 4	Ayusokkanian	497
							Ayusokkanian	Arcadian			498.4
											499.5
		Drumian					Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian					Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan				Cambrian 3	Tuesaian				504.5
		Wuliuan									505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian					509
							Toyonian	510 *
							Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3				Cambrian 2	Botomian	514
							Atdabanian	515.6 *
			Placentian				Atdabanian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian	521
		Stage 2						525.5
		Fortunian				Cambrian 1		529
													538.8