PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126133 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Mesozoic Subages		Central Paratethys Stages	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of China			Ordovician of North America					Ammonite Chrons of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Chibanian																0.129
		Calabrian																0.774
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian			Pannonian													7.246
		Serravallian			Sarmatian													11.63
		Serravallian			Badenian													12.8 *
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
		Bartonian																37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Ypresian																47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian															72.1
		Santonian	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian	Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian	Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Late Albian															100.5
			Middle Albian															106.2 *
			Early Albian															109.9 *
		Aptian	Late Aptian															113
		Aptian	Early Aptian															119.5 *
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian															139.8
			Middle Berriasian															140.6 *
			Early Berriasian															142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan											145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian														146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian															149.2
			Late Kimmeridgian			Kawhia	Ohauan											150
			Early Kimmeridgian				Ohauan											152.2 *
			Early Kimmeridgian				Heterian											154.5
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian														154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian														157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian															161.5
		Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				Temaikan											164.3
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian	Late Bajocian													Epizigzagiceras		168.2
			Late Bajocian													Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		168.4
			Early Bajocian													Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian													Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian													Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		174.7
						Herangi	Ururoan									Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		176
																Planulata		179.3 *
																	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Middle Toarcian															180.4 *
																Kanense		181.3 *
																Carlottense		182.3 *
			Early Toarcian					182.9 *								Carlottense
			Early Toarcian					Kunae	183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					Kunae	184.2
								Freboldi	185.1 *
								Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
							Aratauran	Whiteavesi/Imlayi		188.9
										189.2 *
								Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							192.9
								Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras	196.4 *
								Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Balfour	Otapirian				201.4
		Norian	Sevatian		Warepan		208.5
			Alaunian				213.2 *
			Lacian				216.7 *
					Otamitan		217
					Oretian		221
		Carnian	Tuvalian		Oretian		227
			Tuvalian		Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
			Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				237
			Longobardian			Etalian	238
			Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
			Aegean			Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
			Smithian				248.9 *
			Smithian			Nelsonian	249
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
			Griesbachian				251.4 *
			Griesbachian		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian				Flettian	264.28
		Wordian				Barettian	266
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian	283.5
						Telfordian	285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Hirnantian			Xiaoxita †/Shikou				Wufeng †	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian		Chientangkiangian									Gamachian	445.2
				Chientangkiangian					Richmondian				446 *
				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					Richmondian				449.5
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian		450.4 *
								Mohawkian		Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian								Chatfieldian		453
										Turinian		453.7 *
								Whiterockian		Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian			Guniu †/Hulo						458.4
		Darriwilian		Darriwilian			Hunjiang †				Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
		Dapingian		Dapingian									467.3
		Dapingian		Dapingian					Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Yiyangian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian		Yiyangian					Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian										Ungurian	477.7
											Lianghekou †				477.9 *
									Stairsian						480.3 *
									Skullrockian				Demingian †		482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Skullrockian					Batyrbaian	485.4
		Stage 10													487.5
		Jiangshanian													489.5
														Aksaian	490.7 *
														Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian												Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Ayusokkanian	497
			Arcadian											Ayusokkanian	498.4
															499.5
		Drumian												Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian												Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan												Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan													505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4	Branchian												509
														Toyonian	510 *
														Botomian	512.5 *
		Stage 3												Botomian	514
														Atdabanian	515.6 *
			Placentian											Atdabanian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian	521
		Stage 2				525.5
		Fortunian				529
																		538.8