PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126108 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Britain		Cambrian of Australia	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of the Pamirs	Cambrian of Kazakhstan
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean							0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian							0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian							0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan							1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene								2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene								3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene	Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian		Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene	Clarendonian							11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene								15.98
				Hemingfordian							16.3
				Arikareean							18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene								23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene								27.82
				Whitneyan							29.5
				Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	Chadronian							33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene	Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene	Duchesnean							37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene	Bridgerian							47.8
				Wasatchian							50.5
				Clarkforkian							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian							56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Tiffanian							56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian							59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian							60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene	Torrejonian							61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene	Puercan							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Midian	259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Midian	264.28
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian				Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian				Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian				Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian				Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			Datsonian	Batyrbaian	485.4
				Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			Payntonian		486.8 *
				Festiniogian			Payntonian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian					Iverian		489.5
								Aksaian	490.7 *
								Sakian	492.2 *
				Maentwrogian					493.1 *
		Paibian		Maentwrogian			Idamean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids				Mindyallan	Ayusokkanian	497
							Mindyallan		Arcadian	498.4
							Boomerangian			499
							Boomerangian			499.5
		Drumian					Undillan	Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian					Floran	Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan					Templetonian	Tuesaian		504.5
							Templetonian			505.3
							Ordian			507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai						Branchian	509
								Toyonian		510 *
								Toyonian		510.8 *
								Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3						Botomian		514
								Atdabanian		515.6 *
								Atdabanian	Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian		521
		Stage 2								525.5
		Fortunian								529
											538.8