PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126108 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Silurian of England		North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Sheridanian			0.0117
		Chibanian								Sheridanian			0.129
		Chibanian								Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian								Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian								Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean								Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian								Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian								late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
										Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
										late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
											Monroecreekian		23.1 *
											Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian									Geringian		27.82
		Rupelian											29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian											37
		Bartonian											37.71
		Bartonian								Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian								Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
										Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
												Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian										Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian										To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian										To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian										Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Lancian/Edmontonian						66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Judithian/Aquilan						72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian								100.5
					Middle Albian								106.2 *
					Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian								113
		Aptian			Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian								139.8
					Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
					Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan	Late Kimmeridgian								150
				Ohauan	Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
				Heterian	Early Kimmeridgian			154.5
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			164.3
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian			174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan	Late Toarcian			176
					Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
					Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			188.9
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian				201.4
		Norian		Warepan	Sevatian			208.5
					Alaunian			213.2 *
					Lacian			216.7 *
				Otamitan				217
				Oretian				221
		Carnian		Oretian	Tuvalian			227
			Gore	Kaihikuan	Tuvalian			227.5
					Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian			237
				Etalian	Longobardian			238
					Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian			242
					Pelsonian			243.8 *
					Bithynian			244.7 *
					Aegean			245.5 *
				Malakovian	Aegean			246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian			247.2
					Smithian			248.9 *
				Nelsonian	Smithian			249
		Induan			Dienerian			251.2
					Griesbachian			251.4 *
			DUrville	Makarewan	Griesbachian			251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan				251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian				253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian				254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan				254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian			259.51
		Wordian		Flettian			264.28
		Wordian		Barettian			266
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian			276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian			283.5
				Telfordian			285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian				Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Telychian						436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
		Aeronian				Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian				Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						497
		Guzhangian						Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Branchian	509
		Stage 3						Branchian	514
		Stage 3						Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
													538.8