PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126133 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Carboniferous of North America	Permian of the Salt Range	Cambrian of Britain		European Faunal Zones	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Kazakhstan
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian							MN 17	Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							MN 16	Late Pliocene		2.58
		Piacenzian							MN 15	Late Pliocene		3.2
		Zanclean							MN 15	Early Pliocene		3.6
									MN 14			4.2
									MN 13			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian							MN 13	Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian							MN 12			7.246
									MN 11			7.75
									MN 10			8.7
									MN 9			9.7
									MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian							MN 7 + 8	Middle Miocene		11.63
		Serravallian							MN 6			12.8 *
		Langhian							MN 5			13.82
		Burdigalian							MN 4	Early Miocene		15.98
									MN 3			16.9
									MN 2			20
		Aquitanian							MN 2			20.44
		Aquitanian							MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Eocene		33.9
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian								Middle Eocene		41.2
		Ypresian								Early Eocene		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian								Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan								145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan								149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan								150
				Heterian								154.5
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan								164.3
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan								176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan								184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran								188.9
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian								201.4
		Norian		Warepan	208.5
				Otamitan	217
				Oretian	221
		Carnian		Oretian	227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian		Etalian	238
		Anisian		Etalian	242
		Anisian		Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Kathwai	251.902
						252.4 *
					Chhidru	252.9 *
				Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		254.14
				Puruhauan		254.2
					Kalabagh	255 *
					Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian				264.28
						265.3 *
				Barettian		266
					Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian			Amb	266.9
		Roadian				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Kungurian		Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian		Mangapirian		283.5
				Telfordian		285
						288.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian				Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian				Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian				Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian				Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian				Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian	323.2
		Visean				Chesterian	330.9
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian				Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Batyrbaian	485.4
		Stage 10						Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian								489.5
									Aksaian	490.7 *
									Sakian	492.2 *
								Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian						Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					St Davids		Ayusokkanian	497
									Ayusokkanian	Arcadian	498.4
											499.5
		Drumian							Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian							Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan							Tuesaian		504.5
		Wuliuan									505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4					Caerfai			Branchian	509
									Toyonian		510 *
									Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3							Botomian		514
									Atdabanian		515.6 *
									Atdabanian	Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Tommotian		521
		Stage 2							525.5
		Fortunian							529
												538.8