PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126108 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America						Carboniferous of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Gelasian				Early Pleistocene								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene								2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean				Early Pliocene								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian				Late Miocene								7.246
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene								11.63
		Langhian				Middle Miocene								13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene								15.98
		Aquitanian				Early Miocene								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Early Oligocene								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene								33.9
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene								37.71
		Lutetian				Middle Eocene								41.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene								56
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian				Early Paleocene								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan										145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan										149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan										150
				Heterian										154.5
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan										164.3
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi	Ururoan										176
		Pliensbachian		Ururoan										184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran										188.9
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian										201.4
		Norian		Warepan										208.5
				Otamitan										217
				Oretian										221
		Carnian		Oretian										227
		Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan										227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan										237
		Ladinian		Etalian										238
		Anisian		Etalian										242
		Anisian		Malakovian										246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian										247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian										249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Melekhovian		251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian			254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan			254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian			Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian					Wordian	264.28
					Noginskian			264.9 *
				Barettian				266
		Roadian					Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
				Mangapirian					276
					Pavlovoposadian				276.8 *
								Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							283.5
				Telfordian					285
							Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
					Rusavkinian				287.6 *
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian						Bursumian †	Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian			298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian		Dorogomilovian			303.7
						Khamovnikian	304.8
						Krevyakinian	305.8 *
					Desmoinesian	Krevyakinian	305.9 *
		Moscovian				Myachkovian	307
						Podolskian	308.9 *
						Kashirian	311.4 *
					Atokan	Kashirian	312.7 *
						Vereian	313.8
						Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian				Melekessian	315.2
						Cheremshanian	316.9 *
					Morrowan	Cheremshanian	318.4 *
						Prikamian	318.6 *
						Severokeltmian	319.9 *
						Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
						Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian	Zapaltjubian	323.2
						Protvian	324.4 *
						Steshevian	326.8 *
						Tarusian	329 *
		Visean				Venevian	330.9
						Mikhailovian	331.9 *
						Aleksinian	333.7 *
					Meramecian	Tulian	335.8 *
					Meramecian	Bobrikian	339.9 *
					Osagean	Bobrikian	343.1 *
						Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian				Kosvian	346.7
						Kizelian	350.7 *
					Kinderhookian	Cherepetian	351.9 *
						Karakubian	354.4 *
						Upinian	356.3 *
						Malevkian	357.6 *
						Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Bolindian			Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian									Gamachian	445.2
											Richmondian	446 *
							Eastonian				Richmondian	449 *
											Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
											Edenian		450.4 *
										Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
							Gisbornian						452 *
		Sandbian											453
											Turinian		453.7 *
			Whiterockian							Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian					458.4
		Dapingian					Yapeenian					467.3
							Castlemainian	468.5 *
				Rangerian			Castlemainian	469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Chewtonian	Ibexian			Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †		470
			Bendigonian								471.8 *
			Lancefieldian								473.5 *
							Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian					Tulean				477.7
							Stairsian				480.3 *
							Skullrockian		Demingian †		482 *
			Warendian						Demingian †		482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
		Stage 10									487.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									497
		Guzhangian									Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Branchian	509
		Stage 3									Branchian	514
		Stage 3									Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
														538.8