PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126142 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Carboniferous of North America	Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian of the Baltic	Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian				Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian	Ionian				Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Gelasian					Early Pleistocene				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene				2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean					Early Pliocene				3.6
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian					Late Miocene				7.246
		Serravallian					Middle Miocene				11.63
		Langhian					Middle Miocene				13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene				15.98
		Aquitanian					Early Miocene				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25		Late Oligocene				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25		Early Oligocene				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			Late Eocene				33.9
		Bartonian		MP 16			Middle Eocene				37.71
		Lutetian		MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11			Middle Eocene				41.2
		Ypresian		MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7			Early Eocene				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		MP 6	MP 1 - 5		Late Paleocene				56
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Danian					Early Paleocene				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian								Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian								Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian								Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian								Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian								Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian								Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian								Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian				290.1				Longlinian
		Asselian				Bursumian †		Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian		Zisongian	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Gzhelian				Virgilian				300.1
		Kasimovian				Missourian				303.7
		Kasimovian	Desmoinesian			305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian			Middle Pennsylvanian			307
		Moscovian	Atokan			Middle Pennsylvanian			312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan			Early Pennsylvanian			315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan			Early Pennsylvanian			318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian			Late Mississippian			323.2
		Visean	Chesterian			Middle Mississippian			330.9
			Meramecian						335.8 *
			Osagean						343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean			Early Mississippian			346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian			Early Mississippian			351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare					419.2
	Pridoli			Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian		Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	433.4
		Telychian		Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			497
		Guzhangian			Arcadian		498.4
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Branchian		509
		Stage 3			Branchian		514
		Stage 3			Placentian		517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
											538.8