PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126108 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian of England		North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	Late Pleistocene						0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean	Middle Pleistocene						0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian	Middle Pleistocene			Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian	Early Pleistocene			Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan				Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene						2.58
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene						3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian	Early Pliocene			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian	Middle Miocene			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene						15.98
			Hemingfordian				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
			Arikareean				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene						23.03
								Monroecreekian		23.1 *
								Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene				Geringian		27.82
			Whitneyan							29.5
			Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian	Late Eocene			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean	Late Eocene						37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean	Middle Eocene						37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan				Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan				Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian				Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian	Early Eocene			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
			Wasatchian				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
			Clarkforkian						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian	Late Paleocene					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian	Late Paleocene					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian	Middle Paleocene					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian	Middle Paleocene					To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian	Early Paleocene					To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian	Puercan	Early Paleocene					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian			Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Telychian					436.3 *
		Aeronian					438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		497
		Guzhangian		Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Branchian	509
		Stage 3		Branchian	514
		Stage 3		Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
										538.8