PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125984 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Devonian of France	Devonian Subages	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian								0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian								0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan								0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan								0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
		Zanclean									3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian								11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
				Monroecreekian							23.1 *
				Geringian							24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian							27.82
		Rupelian									29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian									37
		Bartonian									37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1						59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1						60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1						61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian				Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian				Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian				Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian				Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian				Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian				Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian				Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian	Mapingian †	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Gzhelian							300.1
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian				323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian				330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Famennian				Late Famennian		358.9
								Middle Famennian		365.3 *
								Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian		Frasnian				Late Frasnian		372.2
								Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
								Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian	Late Givetian				382.7
				Middle Givetian				383.7 *
				Early Givetian				385.9 *
		Eifelian	Couvinien	Late Eifelian				387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian				390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian				393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian				398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian	407.6
		Pragian	Coblencien	Pragian	408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine	Late Lochkovian	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			497
		Guzhangian			Arcadian			498.4
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Branchian			509
		Stage 3			Branchian			514
		Stage 3			Placentian			517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
											538.8