PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of North America		Devonian Subages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6											0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene							0.129
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene							0.774
		Gelasian					Early Pleistocene							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene							2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean					Early Pliocene							3.6
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian					Late Miocene							7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5				Middle Miocene							11.63
		Langhian					Middle Miocene							13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene							15.98
		Aquitanian					Early Miocene							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4				Late Oligocene							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4				Early Oligocene							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3				Late Eocene							33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3				Middle Eocene							37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2				Middle Eocene							41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2				Early Eocene							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1				Late Paleocene							56
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Danian					Early Paleocene							61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8											66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7											72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6											83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4											100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3											113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2											121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2											125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1											132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6											145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5											149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4											165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4											168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3											174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2											184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1											192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4											201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4											208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4											251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian												254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian										259.51
		Wordian		Wordian										264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3	Roadian										266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Leonardian	Cathedralian									273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian									281.9 *
		Artinskian			Hessian									283.5
		Artinskian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian									286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian									290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			Late Famennian		358.9
						Middle Famennian		365.3 *
						Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4			Late Frasnian		372.2
						Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
						Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			Late Givetian		382.7
						Middle Givetian		383.7 *
						Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2			Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1			Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian		410.8
						Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian		445.2
								Richmondian		446 *
								Richmondian	Eastonian	449 *
								Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian			450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
									Gisbornian		452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4								453
								Turinian			453.7 *
							Whiterockian			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						Darriwilian			458.4
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2						Yapeenian			467.3
									Castlemainian			468.5 *
								Rangerian	Castlemainian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	Chewtonian	470
												Bendigonian	471.8 *
												Lancefieldian	473.5 *
								Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					Tulean					477.7
								Stairsian					480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †		482 *
											Demingian †	Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5										485.4
		Stage 10											487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4										497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4										500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3										509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
														538.8