PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Tarantian		Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Chibanian			Ionian		Middle Pleistocene						0.129
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene						0.774
		Gelasian					Early Pleistocene						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene						2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean					Early Pliocene						3.6
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian					Late Miocene						7.246
		Serravallian					Middle Miocene						11.63
		Langhian					Middle Miocene						13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene						15.98
		Aquitanian					Early Miocene						20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene						23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Early Oligocene						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene						33.9
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene						37.71
		Lutetian					Middle Eocene						41.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene						47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene						56
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian					Early Paleocene						61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Vokhmian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Vokhmian							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian							259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian							264.28
		Roadian				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian											273.01
		Artinskian											283.5
		Sakmarian											290.1
		Asselian											293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian			Gamachian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian		445.2
								Richmondian		446 *
							Eastonian	Richmondian	449 *
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian		450.4 *
					Mohawkian			Chatfieldian		451.1 *
							Gisbornian			452 *
		Sandbian								453
								Turinian		453.7 *
					Whiterockian				Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian				458.4
		Dapingian					Yapeenian				467.3
							Castlemainian				468.5 *
							Castlemainian	Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian		Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	Chewtonian	470
											Bendigonian	471.8 *
											Lancefieldian	473.5 *
							Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian					Tulean					477.7
							Stairsian					480.3 *
							Skullrockian			Demingian †		482 *
										Demingian †	Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
		Stage 10										487.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
													538.8