PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127225 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Carboniferous Subepochs
						297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Kuzel		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Stephanian	Stephanian C		300.3 *
				Stephanian B		300.9 *
				Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian		Stephanian A		303.7
		Kasimovian		Cantabrian		305 *
		Moscovian		Cantabrian	Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Westphalian	Westphalian D		307.4 *
				Westphalian C		309.8
				Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian		Westphalian B	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
				Westphalian A		317 *
			Namurian	Yeadonian		318.8 *
				Marsdenian		320.2 *
				Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
				Alportian		322 *
				Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian	Late Mississippian	323.2
				Arnsbergian		324 *
				Pendleian		327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian		Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian		Early Mississippian	353.7 *
						358.9