PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous Subepochs	European Faunal Zones	Devonian of Eastern North America		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of Western Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Chibanian									0.129
		Calabrian									0.774
		Gelasian		MN 17							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		MN 16							2.58
		Piacenzian		MN 15							3.2
		Zanclean		MN 15							3.6
				MN 14							4.2
				MN 13							4.9
	Miocene	Messinian		MN 13							5.333
		Tortonian		MN 12							7.246
				MN 11							7.75
				MN 10							8.7
				MN 9							9.7
				MN 7 + 8							11.1
		Serravallian		MN 7 + 8							11.63
		Serravallian		MN 6							12.8 *
		Langhian		MN 5							13.82
		Burdigalian		MN 4							15.98
				MN 3							16.9
				MN 2							20
		Aquitanian		MN 2							20.44
		Aquitanian		MN 1							22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									33.9
		Bartonian									37.71
		Lutetian									41.2
		Ypresian									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Senonian								66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Gallic								100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian	Neocomian								125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian					Epizigzagiceras				168.2
		Bajocian					Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				168.4
		Aalenian					Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta				174.7
							Planulata				179.3 *
							Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi		179.8 *
							Kanense				181.3 *
							Carlottense				182.3 *
							Kunae				183.5 *
		Pliensbachian					Kunae				184.2
							Freboldi				185.1 *
							Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras			186.2 *
						189.2 *		Tetraspidoceras
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian					192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras	196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
		Asselian						Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel	298.9
								Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
				Stephanian A					301.4 *
		Kasimovian		Stephanian A					303.7
		Kasimovian		Cantabrian					305 *
		Moscovian		Cantabrian					307
				Westphalian				Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian				Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian				Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian				Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian					346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan						Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian						Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian						Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian								410.8
											419.2