International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

  • K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
  • W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
  • J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
  • J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
  • A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic TimescaleCenozoic SubepochsPaleogene Mammal Ages of AsiaNorth American Land Mammal Ages
18.5
PaleogeneOligoceneChattianLate OligoceneTabenbulakianHsandagolianArikareean23.03
RupelianEarly OligoceneKekeamuan27.82
Whitneyan29.5
Orellan31.8
EocenePriabonianLate EoceneHouldjinian/Ergilian/UlangochuianChadronian33.9
Duchesnean37
BartonianMiddle EoceneSharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan37.71
Uintan39.7
Lutetian41.2
Bridgerian46.2
YpresianEarly EoceneBumbanian47.8
Wasatchian50.5
Clarkforkian54.9
PaleoceneThanetianLate PaleoceneGashatan56
Tiffanian56.2
SelandianMiddle Paleocene59.2
Torrejonian60.9
DanianEarly Paleocene61.6
Puercan63.8
66