PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127263 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			North American Land Mammal Ages
								18.5
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Arikareean	23.03
					Monroecreekian			23.1 *
					Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene		Geringian			27.82
							Whitneyan	29.5
							Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene				Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene				Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	47.8
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian	50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene			To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene			To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan	63.8
								66