PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127258 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			North American Land Mammal Ages	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian						0.0042
		Greenlandian						0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian					0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian			Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian					Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean						3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian					Turolian	7.246
							Vallesian	8.7
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	Vallesian	9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian						13.82
		Burdigalian					Orleanian	15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Hemingfordian		16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Arikareean		18.5
							Agenian	20
		Aquitanian					Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						23.03
				Monroecreekian				23.1 *
				Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian				27.82
						Whitneyan		29.5
						Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian		47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian		50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan		63.8
								66