PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126701 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale				Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe			North American Land Mammal Ages	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean			0.129
		Chibanian					Irvingtonian			0.21
		Calabrian					Irvingtonian			0.774
		Calabrian					Blancan			1.4
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								2.58
		Zanclean								3.6
		Zanclean					Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
		Tortonian					Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian					Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian					Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian								15.98
							Hemingfordian			16.3
							Arikareean			18.5
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
		Rupelian								27.82
							Whitneyan			29.5
							Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian					Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean			37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian					Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian					Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian					Bridgerian			47.8
							Wasatchian			50.5
							Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Clarkforkian			56
		Thanetian					Tiffanian			56.2
		Selandian					Tiffanian			59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian					Torrejonian			61.6
		Danian					Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Late Albian		100.5
								Middle Albian		106.2 *
								Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian						Late Aptian		113
		Aptian						Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian		139.8
								Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
								Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		Late Bajocian	168.2
					Late Bajocian	Humphresianum		168.4
					Early Bajocian	Humphresianum		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		Thouarsense	Late Toarcian		174.7
						Late Toarcian		180.1
						Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			Middle Toarcian		182
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian				Sevatian		208.5
						Alaunian		213.2 *
						Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian		227
		Carnian				Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian		237
		Ladinian				Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian		242
						Pelsonian		243.8 *
						Bithynian		244.7 *
						Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian		251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian		251.4 *
										251.902