PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126679 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			North American Land Mammal Ages	Ten Million Year Bins	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs
											18.5
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Arikareean	Cenozoic 4	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene	23.03
				Monroecreekian							23.1 *
				Geringian							24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian				Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	27.82
						Whitneyan					29.5
						Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian	Cenozoic 3	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	Cenozoic 2				41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian			Bumbanian	Early Eocene	47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian					50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	Cenozoic 1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian		Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian				Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian				Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian				Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan				Early Paleocene	63.8
											66