PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126689 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ten Million Year Bins	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs
									18.5
									20.9
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Deseadan	Arikareean	Cenozoic 4	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene	23.03 *
		Rupelian	Deseadan			Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	27.82
			Tinguirirican						28.9 *
				Whitneyan					29.5
				Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian	Cenozoic 3	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	33.9
			Divisaderan	Chadronian					35.9 *
				Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian			Cenozoic 2				41.2
			Mustersan						41.9 *
				Bridgerian					46.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian	Early Eocene	47.8
			Casamayoran						47.9 *
				Wasatchian					50.5
				Clarkforkian					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican	Clarkforkian	Cenozoic 1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56
			Riochican	Tiffanian					56.2
			Itaboraian						56.9 *
			Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian				Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian						Early Paleocene	61.6
			Tiupampan						62.4 *
			Tiupampan	Puercan					63.8
									66