PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125957 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs		North American Land Mammal Ages	Central Paratethys Stages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene						2.58
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene						3.6
		Zanclean	Early Pliocene		Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian				Pannonian			7.246
		Tortonian			Clarendonian	Pannonian			9.4
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene		Clarendonian	Sarmatian			11.63
					Barstovian	Sarmatian			12.5
						Badenian			12.8 *
		Langhian							13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene						15.98
					Hemingfordian				16.3
					Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene						23.03
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene						27.82
					Whitneyan				29.5
					Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene		Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene		Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene		Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene		Bridgerian				47.8
					Wasatchian				50.5
					Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian				56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene		Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene		Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene		Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian					Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
		Bajocian						Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian					Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			Thouarsense	174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons				180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				182
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				184.2
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				192.9
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
									251.902