International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
- W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
- D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
- M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
- M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
- J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
- F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
- J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.
This timescale is used in the definition of 126161 collections
International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe | Ten Million Year Bins | North American Mammal Subages/Zones | European Faunal Zones | Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quaternary | Holocene | Meghalayan | Cenozoic 6 | 0 | ||||||||||
Northgrippian | 0.0042 | |||||||||||||
Greenlandian | 0.0082 | |||||||||||||
Pleistocene | Late Pleistocene | Tarantian | Sheridanian | 0.0117 | ||||||||||
Chibanian | Ionian | 0.129 | ||||||||||||
Cudahyan/Sappan | 0.21 | |||||||||||||
Calabrian | 0.774 | |||||||||||||
Senecan/Rexroadian | 1.4 | |||||||||||||
Gelasian | MN 17 | 1.8 | ||||||||||||
Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | MN 16 | 2.58 | ||||||||||
MN 15 | 3.2 | |||||||||||||
Zanclean | 3.6 | |||||||||||||
MN 14 | 4.2 | |||||||||||||
Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian | 4.7 | |||||||||||||
MN 13 | 4.9 | |||||||||||||
Miocene | Messinian | 5.333 | ||||||||||||
Tortonian | MN 12 | 7.246 | ||||||||||||
MN 11 | 7.75 | |||||||||||||
MN 10 | 8.7 | |||||||||||||
Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian | 9.4 | |||||||||||||
MN 9 | 9.7 | |||||||||||||
MN 7 + 8 | 11.1 | |||||||||||||
Serravallian | Cenozoic 5 | 11.63 | ||||||||||||
late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian | 12.5 | |||||||||||||
MN 6 | 12.8 * | |||||||||||||
Langhian | MN 5 | 13.82 | ||||||||||||
Burdigalian | MN 4 | 15.98 | ||||||||||||
Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian | 16.3 | |||||||||||||
MN 3 | 16.9 | |||||||||||||
late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean | Harrisonian | 18.5 | ||||||||||||
MN 2 | 20 | |||||||||||||
Aquitanian | 20.44 | |||||||||||||
MN 1 | 22.4 | |||||||||||||
Paleogene | Oligocene | Chattian | Cenozoic 4 | 23.03 | ||||||||||
Monroecreekian | 23.1 * | |||||||||||||
Geringian | 24.7 * | |||||||||||||
Rupelian | 27.82 | |||||||||||||
29.5 | ||||||||||||||
Eocene | Priabonian | Cenozoic 3 | Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian | 33.9 | ||||||||||
37 | ||||||||||||||
Bartonian | 37.71 | |||||||||||||
Late Uintan/Early Uintan | 39.7 | |||||||||||||
Lutetian | Cenozoic 2 | 41.2 | ||||||||||||
Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian | 46.2 | |||||||||||||
Ypresian | 47.8 | |||||||||||||
Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean | 50.5 | |||||||||||||
Cf3/Cf2/Cf1 | 54.9 | |||||||||||||
Paleocene | Thanetian | Cenozoic 1 | 56 | |||||||||||
Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1 | 56.2 | |||||||||||||
Selandian | 59.2 | |||||||||||||
To3/To2/To1 | 60.9 | |||||||||||||
Danian | 61.6 | |||||||||||||
Pu3/Pu2/Pu1 | 63.8 | |||||||||||||
Cretaceous | Late Cretaceous | Maastrichtian | Cretaceous 8 | 66 | ||||||||||
Campanian | Cretaceous 7 | 72.1 | ||||||||||||
Santonian | Cretaceous 6 | 83.6 | ||||||||||||
Coniacian | 86.3 | |||||||||||||
Turonian | 89.8 | |||||||||||||
Cenomanian | Cretaceous 5 | 93.9 | ||||||||||||
Early Cretaceous | Albian | Cretaceous 4 | 100.5 | |||||||||||
Aptian | Cretaceous 3 | 113 | ||||||||||||
Barremian | Cretaceous 2 | 121.4 | ||||||||||||
Hauterivian | 125.77 | |||||||||||||
Valanginian | Cretaceous 1 | 132.6 | ||||||||||||
Berriasian | 139.8 | |||||||||||||
Jurassic | Late Jurassic | Tithonian | Jurassic 6 | 145 | ||||||||||
Kimmeridgian | Jurassic 5 | 149.2 | ||||||||||||
Oxfordian | 154.8 | |||||||||||||
Middle Jurassic | Callovian | 161.5 | ||||||||||||
Bathonian | Jurassic 4 | 165.3 | ||||||||||||
Bajocian | Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites | 168.2 | ||||||||||||
Humphresianum | 168.4 | |||||||||||||
Aalenian | Jurassic 3 | Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum | 170.9 | |||||||||||
Early Jurassic | Toarcian | Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons | Thouarsense | 174.7 | ||||||||||
180.1 | ||||||||||||||
Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum | 182 | |||||||||||||
Pliensbachian | Jurassic 2 | Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni | 184.2 | |||||||||||
Sinemurian | Jurassic 1 | Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi | 192.9 | |||||||||||
Hettangian | Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis | 199.5 | ||||||||||||
Triassic | Late Triassic | Rhaetian | Triassic 4 | 201.4 | ||||||||||
Norian | 208.5 | |||||||||||||
Carnian | Triassic 3 | 227 | ||||||||||||
Middle Triassic | Ladinian | Triassic 2 | 237 | |||||||||||
Anisian | 242 | |||||||||||||
Early Triassic | Olenekian | Triassic 1 | 247.2 | |||||||||||
Induan | 251.2 | |||||||||||||
251.902 |