International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
- F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
- J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
- B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
- M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
- J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
- J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
- W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.
This timescale is used in the definition of 126186 collections
International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | North American Land Mammal Ages | Mesozoic Subages | North American Mammal Subages/Zones | Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia | Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quaternary | Holocene | Meghalayan | Saintaugustinean | 0 | |||||||||||
Santarosean | 0.0004 | ||||||||||||||
Northgrippian | 0.0042 | ||||||||||||||
Greenlandian | 0.0082 | ||||||||||||||
Pleistocene | Late Pleistocene | Sheridanian | 0.0117 | ||||||||||||
Rancholabrean | 0.014 | ||||||||||||||
Chibanian | 0.129 | ||||||||||||||
Irvingtonian | Cudahyan/Sappan | 0.21 | |||||||||||||
Calabrian | 0.774 | ||||||||||||||
Blancan | Senecan/Rexroadian | 1.4 | |||||||||||||
Gelasian | 1.8 | ||||||||||||||
Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | 2.58 | ||||||||||||
Zanclean | 3.6 | ||||||||||||||
Hemphillian | Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian | 4.7 | |||||||||||||
Miocene | Messinian | 5.333 | |||||||||||||
Tortonian | 7.246 | ||||||||||||||
Clarendonian | Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian | 9.4 | |||||||||||||
Serravallian | 11.63 | ||||||||||||||
Barstovian | late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian | 12.5 | |||||||||||||
Langhian | 13.82 | ||||||||||||||
Burdigalian | 15.98 | ||||||||||||||
Hemingfordian | Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian | 16.3 | |||||||||||||
Arikareean | late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean | Harrisonian | 18.5 | ||||||||||||
Aquitanian | 20.44 | ||||||||||||||
Paleogene | Oligocene | Chattian | Tabenbulakian | Hsandagolian | 23.03 | ||||||||||
Monroecreekian | 23.1 * | ||||||||||||||
Geringian | 24.7 * | ||||||||||||||
Rupelian | Kekeamuan | 27.82 | |||||||||||||
Whitneyan | 29.5 | ||||||||||||||
Orellan | 31.8 | ||||||||||||||
Eocene | Priabonian | Chadronian | Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian | Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian | 33.9 | ||||||||||
Duchesnean | 37 | ||||||||||||||
Bartonian | Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan | 37.71 | |||||||||||||
Uintan | Late Uintan/Early Uintan | 39.7 | |||||||||||||
Lutetian | 41.2 | ||||||||||||||
Bridgerian | Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian | 46.2 | |||||||||||||
Ypresian | Bumbanian | 47.8 | |||||||||||||
Wasatchian | Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean | 50.5 | |||||||||||||
Clarkforkian | Cf3/Cf2/Cf1 | 54.9 | |||||||||||||
Paleocene | Thanetian | Gashatan | 56 | ||||||||||||
Tiffanian | Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1 | 56.2 | |||||||||||||
Selandian | 59.2 | ||||||||||||||
Torrejonian | To3/To2/To1 | 60.9 | |||||||||||||
Danian | 61.6 | ||||||||||||||
Puercan | Pu3/Pu2/Pu1 | 63.8 | |||||||||||||
Cretaceous | Late Cretaceous | Maastrichtian | Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian | 66 | |||||||||||
Campanian | Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian | 72.1 | |||||||||||||
Santonian | Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian | 83.6 | |||||||||||||
Coniacian | Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian | 86.3 | |||||||||||||
Turonian | Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian | 89.8 | |||||||||||||
Cenomanian | Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian | 93.9 | |||||||||||||
Early Cretaceous | Albian | Late Albian | 100.5 | ||||||||||||
Middle Albian | 106.2 * | ||||||||||||||
Early Albian | 109.9 * | ||||||||||||||
Aptian | Late Aptian | 113 | |||||||||||||
Early Aptian | 119.5 * | ||||||||||||||
Barremian | Late Barremian/Early Barremian | 121.4 | |||||||||||||
Hauterivian | Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian | 125.77 | |||||||||||||
Valanginian | Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian | 132.6 | |||||||||||||
Berriasian | Late Berriasian | 139.8 | |||||||||||||
Middle Berriasian | 140.6 * | ||||||||||||||
Early Berriasian | 142.7 * | ||||||||||||||
Jurassic | Late Jurassic | Tithonian | Late Tithonian | Middle Tithonian | 145 | ||||||||||
Early Tithonian | 146.3 * | ||||||||||||||
Kimmeridgian | Late Kimmeridgian | 149.2 | |||||||||||||
Early Kimmeridgian | 152.2 * | ||||||||||||||
Oxfordian | Late Oxfordian | Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian | 154.8 | ||||||||||||
157.9 * | |||||||||||||||
Middle Jurassic | Callovian | Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian | 161.5 | ||||||||||||
Bathonian | Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian | 165.3 | |||||||||||||
Bajocian | Late Bajocian | Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites | 168.2 | ||||||||||||
Humphresianum | 168.4 | ||||||||||||||
Early Bajocian | 168.6 * | ||||||||||||||
Aalenian | Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian | Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum | 170.9 | ||||||||||||
Early Jurassic | Toarcian | Late Toarcian | Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons | Thouarsense | 174.7 | ||||||||||
180.1 | |||||||||||||||
Middle Toarcian | 180.4 * | ||||||||||||||
Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum | 182 | ||||||||||||||
Early Toarcian | 182.9 * | ||||||||||||||
Pliensbachian | Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian | Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni | 184.2 | ||||||||||||
Sinemurian | Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian | Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi | 192.9 | ||||||||||||
Hettangian | Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian | Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis | 199.5 | ||||||||||||
Triassic | Late Triassic | Rhaetian | 201.4 | ||||||||||||
Norian | Sevatian | 208.5 | |||||||||||||
Alaunian | 213.2 * | ||||||||||||||
Lacian | 216.7 * | ||||||||||||||
Carnian | Tuvalian | 227 | |||||||||||||
Julian | 233.4 * | ||||||||||||||
Middle Triassic | Ladinian | Longobardian | 237 | ||||||||||||
Fassanian | 239.7 * | ||||||||||||||
Anisian | Illyrian | 242 | |||||||||||||
Pelsonian | 243.8 * | ||||||||||||||
Bithynian | 244.7 * | ||||||||||||||
Aegean | 245.5 * | ||||||||||||||
Early Triassic | Olenekian | Spathian | 247.2 | ||||||||||||
Smithian | 248.9 * | ||||||||||||||
Induan | Dienerian | 251.2 | |||||||||||||
Griesbachian | 251.4 * | ||||||||||||||
251.902 |