PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126162 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones					European Faunal Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean								0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Sheridanian						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean								0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian		Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian		Cudahyan/Sappan						0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan		Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
		Gelasian								MN 17	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								MN 16	2.58
		Piacenzian								MN 15	3.2
		Zanclean								MN 15	3.6
										MN 14	4.2
			Hemphillian		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					MN 14	4.7
										MN 13	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								MN 13	5.333
		Tortonian								MN 12	7.246
										MN 11	7.75
										MN 10	8.7
			Clarendonian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					MN 10	9.4
										MN 9	9.7
										MN 7 + 8	11.1
		Serravallian									11.63
			Barstovian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
										MN 6	12.8 *
		Langhian								MN 5	13.82
		Burdigalian								MN 4	15.98
			Hemingfordian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					MN 4	16.3
			Hemingfordian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					MN 3	16.9
			Arikareean		late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				MN 3	18.5
										MN 2	20
		Aquitanian								MN 2	20.44
		Aquitanian								MN 1	22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
						Monroecreekian					23.1 *
						Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian				Geringian					27.82
			Whitneyan								29.5
			Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean								37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan		Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan		Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						47.8
			Wasatchian		Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
			Clarkforkian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian				To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian				To3/To2/To1				61.6
		Danian	Puercan				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites				168.2
		Bajocian						Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons				Thouarsense	174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons					180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum					182
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni					184.2
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi					192.9
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
											251.902