PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126161 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs		North American Land Mammal Ages	Central Paratethys Stages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6			Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian				Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan				Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan				Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian						Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene						2.58
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene						3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Early Pliocene		Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian								Pannonian			7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Clarendonian	Pannonian			9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene		Clarendonian	Sarmatian			11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						Barstovian	Sarmatian			12.5
										Badenian			12.8 *
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene						15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						Hemingfordian				16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene						23.03
				Monroecreekian									23.1 *
				Geringian									24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian			Early Oligocene						27.82
									Whitneyan				29.5
									Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene		Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian					Late Eocene		Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene		Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan						Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Cenozoic 2			Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Early Eocene		Bridgerian				47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Wasatchian				50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian				56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Late Paleocene		Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1		Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1		Early Paleocene		Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Early Paleocene		Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Cretaceous 8							66
		Campanian				Cretaceous 7							72.1
		Santonian				Cretaceous 6							83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Cretaceous 4							100.5
		Aptian				Cretaceous 3							113
		Barremian				Cretaceous 2							121.4
		Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2							125.77
		Valanginian				Cretaceous 1							132.6
		Berriasian				Cretaceous 1							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Jurassic 6							145
		Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5							149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian				Jurassic 4							165.3
		Bajocian									Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
		Bajocian						Humphresianum				168.4
		Aalenian				Jurassic 3		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			Thouarsense	174.7
								Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons				180.1
								Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				182
		Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				184.2
		Sinemurian				Jurassic 1		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				192.9
		Hettangian				Jurassic 1		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4						201.4
		Norian				Triassic 4						208.5
		Carnian				Triassic 3						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Triassic 2						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				Triassic 2						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Triassic 1						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				Triassic 1						251.2
													251.902