PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126610 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						0
		Northgrippian						0.0042
		Greenlandian						0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian			Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian		Sheridanian			Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian		Cudahyan/Sappan			Ionian	0.21
		Calabrian		Cudahyan/Sappan				0.774
		Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
		Gelasian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †					2.58
		Zanclean						3.6
		Zanclean		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						5.333
		Tortonian						7.246
		Tortonian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian						13.82
		Burdigalian						15.98
				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
				late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
		Aquitanian						20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						23.03
					Monroecreekian			23.1 *
					Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian			Geringian			27.82
		Rupelian						29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian						37
		Bartonian						37.71
		Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				47.8
				Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
		Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
		Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		59.2
		Selandian				To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian				To3/To2/To1		61.6
		Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
								66