International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
- W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
- M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
- J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
- P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.
This timescale is used in the definition of 126700 collections
| International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | Obsolete Names for ICS Units | North American Mammal Subages/Zones | Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quaternary | Holocene | Meghalayan | 0 | ||||||
| Northgrippian | 0.0042 | ||||||||
| Greenlandian | 0.0082 | ||||||||
| Pleistocene | Late Pleistocene | Sheridanian | Tarantian | 0.0117 | |||||
| Chibanian | Ionian | 0.129 | |||||||
| Cudahyan/Sappan | 0.21 | ||||||||
| Calabrian | 0.774 | ||||||||
| Senecan/Rexroadian | 1.4 | ||||||||
| Gelasian | 1.8 | ||||||||
| Neogene | Pliocene | Piacenzian | Tertiary † | 2.58 | |||||
| Zanclean | 3.6 | ||||||||
| Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian | 4.7 | ||||||||
| Miocene | Messinian | 5.333 | |||||||
| Tortonian | 7.246 | ||||||||
| Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian | 9.4 | ||||||||
| Serravallian | 11.63 | ||||||||
| late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian | 12.5 | ||||||||
| Langhian | 13.82 | ||||||||
| Burdigalian | 15.98 | ||||||||
| Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian | 16.3 | ||||||||
| late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean | Harrisonian | 18.5 | |||||||
| Aquitanian | 20.44 | ||||||||
| Paleogene | Oligocene | Chattian | 23.03 | ||||||
| Monroecreekian | 23.1 * | ||||||||
| Geringian | 24.7 * | ||||||||
| Rupelian | 27.82 | ||||||||
| 29.5 | |||||||||
| Eocene | Priabonian | Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian | 33.9 | ||||||
| 37 | |||||||||
| Bartonian | 37.71 | ||||||||
| Late Uintan/Early Uintan | 39.7 | ||||||||
| Lutetian | 41.2 | ||||||||
| Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian | 46.2 | ||||||||
| Ypresian | 47.8 | ||||||||
| Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean | 50.5 | ||||||||
| Cf3/Cf2/Cf1 | 54.9 | ||||||||
| Paleocene | Thanetian | 56 | |||||||
| Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1 | 56.2 | ||||||||
| Selandian | 59.2 | ||||||||
| To3/To2/To1 | 60.9 | ||||||||
| Danian | 61.6 | ||||||||
| Pu3/Pu2/Pu1 | 63.8 | ||||||||
| 66 | |||||||||