International Chronostratigraphic Timescale
The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:
- K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
- A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
- F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
- M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
- W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
- M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
- J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
- P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show
Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.
Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.
This timescale is used in the definition of 127249 collections
International Chronostratigraphic Timescale | North American Land Mammal Ages | North American Mammal Subages/Zones | Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quaternary | Holocene | Meghalayan | Saintaugustinean | 0 | |||||||
Santarosean | 0.0004 | ||||||||||
Northgrippian | 0.0042 | ||||||||||
Greenlandian | 0.0082 | ||||||||||
Pleistocene | Late Pleistocene | Sheridanian | Tarantian | 0.0117 | |||||||
Rancholabrean | 0.014 | ||||||||||
Chibanian | Ionian | 0.129 | |||||||||
Irvingtonian | Cudahyan/Sappan | 0.21 | |||||||||
Calabrian | 0.774 | ||||||||||
Blancan | Senecan/Rexroadian | 1.4 | |||||||||
Gelasian | 1.8 | ||||||||||
2.58 | |||||||||||
4.7 |