PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126662 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Names for ICS Units	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
											2.58
											18.5
											20.9
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Deseadan	Late Oligocene	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Tertiary †	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03 *
						Monroecreekian					23.1 *
						Geringian					24.7 *
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene					Kekeamuan		27.82
			Tinguirirican								28.9 *
											29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
			Divisaderan		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						35.9 *
											37
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
		Lutetian									41.2
			Mustersan								41.9 *
					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene						Bumbanian	47.8
			Casamayoran								47.9 *
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican	Late Paleocene			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Gashatan		56
			Riochican				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
			Itaboraian								56.9 *
			Peligran								58.9 *
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene			To3/To2/To1				60.9
		Danian		Early Paleocene							61.6
			Tiupampan								62.4 *
			Tiupampan				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
											66