PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126637 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Permian of North America		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cenozoic Subepochs		Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							0
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Gelasian				Early Pleistocene			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene			2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean				Early Pliocene			3.6
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian				Late Miocene			7.246
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene			11.63
		Langhian				Middle Miocene			13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene			15.98
		Aquitanian				Early Miocene			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Early Oligocene			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene			33.9
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene			37.71
		Lutetian				Middle Eocene			41.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene			56
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian				Early Paleocene			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Vokhmian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			Vokhmian				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian				259.51
		Wordian	Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian				264.28
		Wordian	Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			Noginskian	264.9 *
		Roadian	Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian	Cathedralian					273.01
				Cathedralian				Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
				Hessian					281.9 *
		Artinskian		Hessian					283.5
			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian			286.1 *
							Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian		Nealian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian					Dorogomilovian	303.7
							Khamovnikian	304.8
							Krevyakinian	305.8 *
		Moscovian					Myachkovian	307
							Podolskian	308.9 *
							Kashirian	311.4 *
							Vereian	313.8
							Melekessian	314.8
		Bashkirian					Melekessian	315.2
							Cheremshanian	316.9 *
							Prikamian	318.6 *
							Severokeltmian	319.9 *
							Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
							Voznesenian	321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Zapaltjubian	323.2
							Protvian	324.4 *
							Steshevian	326.8 *
							Tarusian	329 *
		Visean					Venevian	330.9
						Mikhailovian	331.9 *
						Aleksinian	333.7 *
						Tulian	335.8 *
						Bobrikian	339.9 *
						Radaevkian	343.4 *
		Tournaisian				Kosvian	346.7
						Kizelian	350.7 *
						Cherepetian	351.9 *
						Karakubian	354.4 *
						Upinian	356.3 *
						Malevkian	357.6 *
						Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
									419.2