PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126668 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Silurian of England		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian	Middle Pleistocene												0.129
		Calabrian	Early Pleistocene												0.774
		Gelasian	Early Pleistocene												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Late Pliocene												2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean	Early Pliocene												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian	Late Miocene												5.333
		Tortonian	Late Miocene												7.246
		Serravallian	Middle Miocene												11.63
		Langhian	Middle Miocene												13.82
		Burdigalian	Early Miocene												15.98
		Aquitanian	Early Miocene												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Early Oligocene												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene												33.9
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene												37.71
		Lutetian	Middle Eocene												41.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene												56
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene												59.2
		Danian	Early Paleocene												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		Epizigzagiceras									168.2
		Bajocian			Humphresianum	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense									168.4
		Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta									174.7
						Planulata									179.3 *
								Arnioceras arnouldi							179.8 *
															180.1
						Kanense									181.3 *
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		Kanense									182
						Carlottense									182.3 *
						Kunae									183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		Kunae									184.2
						Freboldi									185.1 *
						Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras								186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras								189.2 *
						Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis								190.3 *
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi											192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras							196.4 *
						Franziceras/Euphyllites									196.5 *
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		Franziceras/Euphyllites									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle						Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle						Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Coalbrookdale						Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian	Wych						Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Telychian								436.3 *
		Aeronian								438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park							439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Kosovian	443.8
		Katian								Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian								Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian										453
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
											Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
					Dobrotivian					458.5 *
					Oretanian					459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian			Arenigian								468
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											485.4
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					509
	Series 2	Stage 3		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
															538.8