PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126679 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian				0.0042
		Greenlandian				0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean	Late Pleistocene		0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean	Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian	Middle Pleistocene		0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian	Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan			1.4
		Gelasian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene		2.58
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene		3.6
		Zanclean	Hemphillian	Early Pliocene		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian				7.246
		Tortonian	Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian	Clarendonian	Middle Miocene		11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian				13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene		15.98
			Hemingfordian			16.3
			Arikareean			18.5
		Aquitanian				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene		27.82
			Whitneyan			29.5
			Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian	Late Eocene		33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean	Late Eocene		37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean	Middle Eocene		37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian	Early Eocene		47.8
			Wasatchian			50.5
			Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian	Late Paleocene		56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian	Late Paleocene		56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian	Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian	Middle Paleocene		60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian	Early Paleocene		61.6
		Danian	Puercan	Early Paleocene		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian	89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian	100.5
					Middle Albian	106.2 *
					Early Albian	109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian	113
		Aptian			Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian	139.8
					Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
					Early Berriasian	142.7 *
						145