PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 125962 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Land Mammal Ages	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan	Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian				0.0042
		Greenlandian				0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Nihewanian	Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean		Late Pleistocene	0.014
		Chibanian	Rancholabrean		Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian	Irvingtonian		Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian	Irvingtonian		Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian	Blancan			1.4
		Gelasian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Yushean	Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene	3.6
			Hemphillian			4.7
				Baodean		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian				7.246
			Clarendonian			9.4
				Tunggurian		11.1
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian	Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian		Shanwangian		13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene	15.98
			Hemingfordian			16.3
			Hemingfordian	Xiejiaan		16.9
			Arikareean			18.5
		Aquitanian				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene	23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene	27.82
			Whitneyan			29.5
			Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Chadronian		Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian	Duchesnean		Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian	Duchesnean		Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian	Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian	Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian	Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian	Bridgerian		Early Eocene	47.8
			Wasatchian			50.5
			Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Clarkforkian		Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian	Tiffanian		Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian	Tiffanian		Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian	Torrejonian		Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian	Torrejonian		Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian	Puercan		Early Paleocene	63.8
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