PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126710 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs
						18.5
						20.9
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Deseadan	Arikareean	Late Oligocene	23.03 *
		Rupelian	Deseadan		Early Oligocene	27.82
			Tinguirirican			28.9 *
				Whitneyan		29.5
				Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian	Late Eocene	33.9
			Divisaderan	Chadronian		35.9 *
				Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean	Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian				41.2
			Mustersan			41.9 *
				Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene	47.8
			Casamayoran			47.9 *
				Wasatchian		50.5
				Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican	Clarkforkian	Late Paleocene	56
			Riochican	Tiffanian		56.2
			Itaboraian			56.9 *
			Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian	Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene	61.6
			Tiupampan			62.4 *
			Tiupampan	Puercan		63.8
						66