PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126149 collections

Show less time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		European Faunal Zones	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					0
		Northgrippian					0.0042
		Greenlandian					0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian			Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian			Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan			Middle Pleistocene	0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan			Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian		MN 17		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean		MN 16	Late Pliocene	2.58
			Chapadmalalan		MN 16		2.9 *
					MN 15		3.2
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene	3.6
			Montehermosan				3.7 *
			Montehermosan		MN 14		4.2
			Huayquerian		MN 13		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian			MN 13	Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian			MN 12		7.246
					MN 11		7.75
			Chasicoan		MN 11		7.9 *
					MN 10		8.7
					MN 9		9.7
			Mayoan				9.9 *
			Laventan				10.9 *
					MN 7 + 8		11.1
		Serravallian			MN 7 + 8	Middle Miocene	11.63
					MN 6		12.8 *
			Colloncuran		MN 6		13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran		MN 5		13.82
		Langhian	Friasian		MN 5		15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian		MN 4	Early Miocene	15.98
			Santacrucian		MN 4		16.2 *
			Santacrucian		MN 3		16.9
			Colhuehuapian		MN 3		17.4 *
					MN 2		20
		Aquitanian					20.44
			Deseadan				20.9 *
					MN 1		22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene	23.03
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican			Early Oligocene	28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican			Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan			Late Eocene	35.9 *
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian					41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan			Early Eocene	47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran			Early Eocene	47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican			Late Paleocene	56
			Itaboraian				56.9 *
			Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian				Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan			Early Paleocene	62.4 *
							66