PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126186 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ten Million Year Bins	North American Mammal Subages/Zones
									18.5
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Late Oligocene	Arikareean	Cenozoic 4	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		23.03
							Monroecreekian		23.1 *
							Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian	Early Oligocene				Geringian		27.82
				Whitneyan					29.5
				Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Eocene	Chadronian	Cenozoic 3	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian	Late Eocene	Duchesnean					37
		Bartonian	Middle Eocene	Duchesnean					37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan		Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan	Cenozoic 2	Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian	Early Eocene	Bridgerian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
				Wasatchian		Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
				Clarkforkian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian	Cenozoic 1			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian	Late Paleocene	Tiffanian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian	Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian				To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian	Early Paleocene	Torrejonian				To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian	Early Paleocene	Puercan				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
									66