PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126149 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian					0.0042
		Greenlandian					0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian		Nihewanian	Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Tarantian	Rancholabrean		Late Pleistocene	0.014
		Chibanian	Ionian	Rancholabrean		Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian	Ionian	Irvingtonian		Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian		Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan			1.4
		Gelasian					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Yushean	Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene	3.6
				Hemphillian			4.7
					Baodean		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian					7.246
				Clarendonian			9.4
					Tunggurian		11.1
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian			Shanwangian		13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene	15.98
				Hemingfordian			16.3
				Hemingfordian	Xiejiaan		16.9
				Arikareean			18.5
		Aquitanian					20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene	23.03
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene	27.82
				Whitneyan			29.5
				Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian		Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean		Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean		Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian		Early Eocene	47.8
				Wasatchian			50.5
				Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian		Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian		Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian		Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian		Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian		Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian		Puercan		Early Paleocene	63.8
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