PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126149 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs
										18.5
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Arikareean	Late Oligocene	23.03
						Monroecreekian				23.1 *
						Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan			Geringian			Early Oligocene	27.82
								Whitneyan		29.5
								Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian	Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Duchesnean	Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					Duchesnean	Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian			Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	Early Eocene	47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian		50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian	Gashatan				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian					To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian					To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian					Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan	Early Paleocene	63.8
										66