PBDB Interval

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126149 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cenozoic Subepochs
										18.5
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Arikareean	late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Late Oligocene	23.03
							Monroecreekian			23.1 *
							Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan				Geringian		Early Oligocene	27.82
					Whitneyan					29.5
					Orellan					31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Duchesnean				Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Duchesnean				Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan	Late Uintan/Early Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian	Bridgerian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Early Eocene	47.8
					Wasatchian	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
					Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan		Clarkforkian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian	Gashatan		Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1	Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian			To3/To2/To1	Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian			Puercan			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Early Paleocene	63.8
										66